The effect of ammonium chloride on the performance of poly (ether sulfone)/chitosan composite-based ultrafiltration membrane Putri Citra Amanda(a), Mita Nurhayati(a,b), Hendrawan Hendrawan(a), Fitri Khoerunnisa(a,*)
(a) Department of Chemistry, Indonesia University of Education Setiabudi 229 Bandung 40154 Indonesia
(b)Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, South Korea
Abstract
Membrane filtration has been known as an effective, ease of operation, low energy, and low cost-based water treatment technology. This study aims to investigate the effect of ammonium chloride on the performance of poly (ether sulfone)/chitosan composite-based ultrafiltration membrane. The PES membrane was synthesized via solution casting and inversed phase method. The chitosan and ammonium chloride solutions were then coated on the PES membrane. In particular, the ammonium chloride concentration was varied from 100 to 400 ppm. The synthesized composite membranes were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDX, water contact angle, and porosity tests. The performance of composite membranes was examined by water permeability, rejection and fouling resistance tests using the dead-end filtration system at different operation pressure. The results showed that chitosan/ammonium chloride coating remarkably modified the morphological and pore structure of PES membrane as indicated by the cross-sectional SEM images. The FTIR spectra demonstrated that the interaction of PES with chitosan/ammonium chloride was predominantly occurred via hydrogen bonding between -OH and -NH moieties. The addition of ammonium chloride concentration enhanced the peak intensity as well as induced the peak shifts of X-ray diffractogram at \(2 \theta \) of \(18.08^o \), \(25.9 ^o \), and \(31.17^o \) that correspond to the improved crystallinity of composite membranes. This also improved its hydrophilicity behavior (the water contact angle reduced from \(82.3^o \) to \(64.4^o \) ) and mechanical strength (0.57 to 8.70 MPa).
The addition of ammonium chloride was notably improved the performance of PES/chitosan composite membranes on ultrafiltration indicated by the enhancement of water permeability from 8.56 to 26.53 \(L/m^2 h bar\)- membrane selectivity toward bovine serum albumin, methyl orange, and methylene blue solutions was also increased with the rejection percentage from
