Silver Nanoparticles-mediated Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Detection of Creatinine in Urine Samples Noval D. Wijaya,1) Anita Aprillianti,1) Ulfa Andayani,1) Qonitah Fardiyah,1) Setyawan P. Sakti,2) Ika O. Wulandari,1) Yudit Oktanella,3) Aulanni^am,1) Shova A. Hardiyanti,1) Akhmad Sabarudin1, a)
1)Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang 65145 Indonesia
2)Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang 65145 Indonesia
3)Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang 65145 Indonesia
Abstract
In this work, we develop inexpensive, disposable, and easy-to-use diagnostic devices for the early detection of creatinine in urine samples using distance-based microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (d-uPADs). Creatinine is detected by the modified Jaffe reaction principle by employing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-capped alkaline picrate as a sensing reagent. The alkaline picrate reacts with creatinine, resulting in a color change from yellow to orange. The presence of AgNPs in the alkaline-picrate increases the sensitivity of the proposed method through the formation of orange aggregates of AgNPs-capped alkaline picrate with creatinine, enabling sharper color change easily recognized by the naked eye. The proposed method is successfully applied to urine samples with excellent precision (RSD: 1.18%) and accuracy (97.46-99.97%). Additionally, the proposed method allows a self-standing analysis system to perform an analytical assay, which includes sample introduction, reagent, reaction channel, and detection system.
